Behavioral Signs of Belief in the Imamate of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) among the Imami Shiites of the Age of Presence

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Theology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of History, Baqir al-Olum University, Qom, Iran

Abstract

Imami Shiites believe in the divine leadership of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS). This theoretical belief has been reflected in many books and articles, but so far no research has been done to focus on their practical behaviors and objective beliefs in the Age of Presence about the affairs, attributes and other axes of the Imamate system. Based on these shortcomings, even orientalists and religious dissidents have come to the conclusion that the beliefs of the Imami Shiites have been formed or evolved in the periods after the Age of Presence. In order to identify and recognize these behaviors and evaluate them, it is necessary to conduct a historical study of their manifested ideas and to clarify whether the Shiites of the Age of Presence had fundamental ideas about the Imamate. In answer to this basic question, it was concluded that the Shiites, from the very beginning of their formation, had fundamental ideas on the issue of Imamate, manifested in the political and social events of their lives. This article uses descriptive and analytical methods. 

Keywords


The Holy Quran.
Asgari, Seyyed Morteza. 2000. Maalem al-Madrasatayn (Teachings of Two Schools), Translated by Mohammad Jawad Karami, Qom: Osool al-Din College. [in Farsi]
Bagheri, Akbar; Farmaniyan, Mahdi; Turan, Emdad. 2019. "Nas bar Emamat Aemmeh Ahl Bayt az Manzar Ashab Ejma Imamayn Sadeghayn (AS) (Evidence for the Imamate of the Imams of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) from the Perspective of the Companions of the Consensus of Imam Bagher and Imam Sadegh (AS))", in: Imamiyyah Studies, no. 10, pp. 62-98. [in Farsi]
Bahrani, Abdollah ibn Nurollah. 2018. Awalem al-Olum wa al-Maaref wa al-Ahwal (The Worlds of Sciences and Knowledge and Conditions), Qom: Imam Mahdi School. [in Arabic]
Bahrani, Hashem ibn Soleyman. 1996. Al-Borhan fi Tafsir al-Quran (Argument in the Interpretation of the Quran), Qom: Interpretation House. [in Arabic]
Balazori, Ahmad ibn Yahya ibn Jaber. 1996. Ketab al-Jomal men Ansab al-Ashraf (Overview of Aristocratic Genealogy), Researched by Soheyl Zakkar & Riyadh Zarakli, Beirut: Thought Institute. [in Arabic]
Eskafi, Mohammad ibn Abdollah. 1982. Al-Meyar wa al-Mowazanah (Criteria and Balance), Researched by Mohammad Bagher Mahmudi, n.p: n.pub. [in Arabic]
Halm, Heinz. 2006. Shiism, Translated by Mohammad Taghi Akbari, Qom: Publication of Religions. [in Farsi]
Helli, Hasan Yusof. 1985. Kashf al-Morad, Kuwait: Al-Fin Press. [in Arabic]
Helli, Jamal al-Din Hasan ibn Yusof. 1987. Kashf al-Morad, Researched by Hasan Hasanzadeh Amoli, Qom: Qom Seminary Teachers Association. [in Arabic]
Ibn Abi al-Hadid. 1984. Sharh Nahj al-Balaghah, Researched by Mohammad Abolfazl Ibrahim, Qom: Arabic Books Revival House. [in Arabic]
Ibn Babewayh (Sadugh), Mohammad ibn Ali. 1983. Maani al-Akhbar (Meanings of the Narrations), Qom: Qom Seminary Teachers Association. [in Arabic]
Ibn Babewayh (Sadugh), Mohammad ibn Ali. 1992. Man la Yahzoroh al-Faghih (The One Who Doesn’t Have Access to a Jurist), Researched by Ali Akbar Ghaffari, Qom: Islamic Publications Office, Second Edition. [in Arabic]
Ibn Babewayh (Sadugh), Mohammad ibn Ali. 1999. Oyun Akhbar al-Reza (Selected Words of Imam Reza), Tehran: Jahan. [in Arabic]
Ibn Babewayh (Sadugh), Mohammad ibn Ali. 2001. Kamal al-Din wa Tamam al-Nemah (Completion of the Religion and Perfection of the Grace), Researched by Ali Akbar Ghaffari, Qom Seminary Teachers Association. [in Arabic]
Ibn Babewayh (Sadugh), Mohammad ibn Ali. 2016. Kamal al-Din wa Tamam al-Nemah (Completion of the Religion and Perfection of the Grace), Tehran: Islamiyyah, Second Edition. [in Arabic]
Ibn Babewayh (Sadugh), Mohammad ibn Ali. 2019. Al-Tawhid (Monotheism), Qom: Qom Seminary Teachers Association. [in Arabic]
Ibn Babewayh Qomi (Sadugh), Mohammad ibn Ali. n.d. Elal al-Sharae (Causes of Sharia), Qom: Dawari. [in Arabic]
Ibn Emad Hanbali, Abi al-Falah. n.d. Shazarat al-Zahab fi Akhbar man Zahab (Nuggets of Gold in the News of Those Who Have Gone), Beirut: Scientific Books House. [in Arabic]
Ibn Farra Hanbali, Mohammad ibn Hosayn. 1986. Al-Ahkam al-Soltaniyyah (Sultan's Rulings), n.p: Publishing Center of Islamic Media Office. [in Arabic]
Ibn Ghotaybah Dinewari, Abdollah ibn Moslem. 1989. Al-Imamah wa al-Siyasat al-Maruf be Tarikh al-Kholafa (Imamate and Politics Known as History of Caliphs), Researched by Ali Shiri, Beirut: Lights House. [in Arabic]
Ibn Nadim Baghdadi, Mohammad ibn Eshagh. n.d. Al-Fehrest (The List), Researched by Reza Tajaddod, Qom: Al Al-Bayt (AS) Foundation. [in Arabic]
Ibn Tayfur, Ahmad ibn Ibn Taher. n.d. Balaghat al-Nesa (Women's Rhetoric), Qom: Basirati Press. [in Arabic]
Jafariyan, Rasul. 1999. Hayat Fekri wa Siyasi Imaman Shiah (The Intellectual and Political Life of Shiite Imams), Qom: Ansariyan, 11th Edition. [in Farsi]
Kashi, Mohammad ibn Omar. 2003. Rejal al-Kashi: Ekhtiyar Marefah al-Rejal, Researched by Hasan Mostafawi, Mashhad: Mashhad University Publishing Institute. [in Arabic]
Khazzaz, Ali ibn Mohammad. 1981. Kefayah al-Athar fi al-Nas ala al-Aemmah al-Ethna Ashar, Qom: Bidar. [in Arabic]
Koleyni, Mohammad ibn Yaghub. 1983. Al-Kafi, Researched by Ali Akbar Ghaffari, Tehran: Islamiyyeh, Second Edition. [in Arabic]
Masudi, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Hosayn. 1988. Moruj al-Zahab wa Maaden al-Jawaher (Meadows of Gold & Mines of Jewelry), Researched by Asad Dagher, Qom: Al-Hejrah House, Second Edition. [in Arabic]
Menghari, Nasr ibn Mozahem. 1984. Waghah Seffin (The Event of Seffin), Edited by Abd al-Salam Mohammad Harun, Qom: Ayatollah Marashi Najafi Library, Second Edition. [in Arabic]
Modarresi Tabatabayi, Seyyed Hoseyn. 2007. Maktab dar Farayand Takamol (School in the Process of Evolution), Translated by Hashem Izadpanah, Tehran: Kawir, Third Edition. [in Farsi]
Mofid, Mohammad ibn Noman. 1992 a. Al-Ershad fi Marefah Hojajellah ala al-Ebad (Guidance to the Knowledge of the Representatives of God over the People), Qom: The World Conference of the Sheikh Al-Mufid. [in Arabic]
Mofid, Mohammad ibn Noman. 1993. Al-Ekhtesas, Researched by Ali Akbar Ghaffari, Beirut: Al-Mofid House. [in Arabic]
Mohaddar, Taghi; Yawari Sartakhti, Mohammad Jawad. 2018. "Wakawi Nesbat Mashruiyat wa Beyat dar Hokumat Alawi (Analysis of the Relationship between Legitimacy and Allegiance in the Alawite Government)", in: Islamic Government, no. 98, pp. 65-94. [in Farsi]
Mozaffar, Mohammad Hoseyn. 2000. Tarikh Tashayyo (History of Shiism), Translated by Seyyed Mohammad Bagher Hojjati, Qom: Publication of Islamic Culture, Fifth Edition. [in Farsi]
Najjashi, Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Ali. 1995. Al-Rejal, Qom: Qom Seminary Teachers Association, Fifth Edition. [in Arabic]
Neyshaburi, Moslem ibn Hajjaj. n.d. Sahih, Beirut: Thought House. [in Farsi]
Purhoseyn, Ehsan. 2008. "Mabani Etaat az Hakem dar Andisheh Siyasi Shiah (Foundations of Obedience to the Ruler in Shiite Political Thought)", in: Political Sciences, no. 42, pp. 32-41. [in Farsi]
Saffar, Mohammad ibn Hasan. Basaer al-Darajat (Insights Degrees), Qom: Holy Shrine of Qom, Pilgrim. [in Arabic]
Seyyed Morteza Alam al-Hoda, Ali ibn Hoseyn. 1992. Al-Fosul al-Mokhtarah (Selected Chapters), Qom: Sheikh Mofid Congress. [in Arabic]
Tabari, Mohammad ibn Jarir. 1967. Tarikh al-Omam wa al-Moluk (History of the Nations and the Kings), Researched by Mohammad Abu al-Fazl Ibrahim, Beirut: Heritage House. [in Arabic]
Taftazani, Sad al-Din. 1988. Sharh al-Maghased (Explanation of Intentions), Researched by Abu Rahman Omayrah, Qom: Al-Sharif al-Razi Press. [in Arabic]
Thaghafi, Sad al-Din. 1974. Al-Gharat, Researched by Jalal al-Din Hoseyni Ormawi, Tehran: National Works Association. [in Arabic]
Tusi, Mohammad ibn al-Hasan. 1988. Ekhtiyar Marefah al-Rejal, Mashhad: University of Mashhad. [in Arabic]
Yaghubi, Ahmad ibn Abi Wazeh. n.d. Al-Tarikh (The History), Beirut: Sader House. [in Arabic]
Yawari Sartakhti, Mohammad Jawad. 2014. "Barresi Nazariyeh Peydayesh Tashayyo Feghahati dar Asr Sadeghayn (AS) (A Study of the Theory of the Emergence of Jurisprudential Shiism in the Age of the Righteous (AS))", in: Time, no. 126-127, pp. 67-70. [in Farsi]